The Health Behavior Of Tobacco Use Among Adolescents

Tobacco Use Among Adolescents Karah Brasher National University Abstract This paper addresses the health behavior of tobacco use among adolescents. There are many risk factors that contribute to this health behavior, as well as risk factors that contribute to the morbidity and mortality of tobacco use among adolescents. Tobacco Use Among Adolescents Over the last decade of two there has been a huge push to end the use of tobacco products such as cigarettes and chewing tobacco. These tobacco products have been proven time and time again to cause numerous serious health conditions and can be the direct cause of deadly conditions like lung cancer, mouth cancer and heart disease. Typically when one thinks of smoking and chewing, it’s an older generation that comes to mind. However, it’s been shown that tobacco use primarily starts in the early adolescent years. The CDC states that nearly 9 out of 10 cigarette smokers, smoked their first cigarette by age 18. The numbers of adolescent smokers grow almost daily. It’s estimated that more than 3800 youth aged 18 years or younger have smoked their first cigarette, and an additional 2,100 youth and young adults become daily smokers. (CDC, 2011) Another prevalent form of tobacco use is smokeless tobacco. An example of this is chewing tobacco. Smoking tobacco has become a growing habit for adolescent males, though a small percentage of females also use it. The CDC states that as of 2014 2 out of every 100 middle school studentsShow MoreRelatedTobacco Use Among Adolescents And Young Adults1287 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Tobacco use among adolescents has been increasing over the years due to marketing strategies that target adolescents and attempt to promote beliefs that influence smoking behaviors. Many of the smoking behaviors are established in adolescents and young adults who are more influenced by exposure to promotional marketing advertisements such as billboards, transit ads, and other strategies that impose acceptable social norms among their peers. According to the CDC, in 2012, 6.7% of middleRead MoreSocial And Ecological Model Of Public Health1480 Words   |  6 PagesThe social/ecological model of public health is a multilevel system that emphasizes on the linkages among several factors or determinants affecting health from an individual level to a larger social network (Coreil, 2010). This model is organized according to five hierarchical levels of influence: intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community, and society (Coreil, 2010). Intrapersonal level can include biological and psychological factors such as genetics, cognition, and personality; interpersonalRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among Adolescents And Their Smoking Behaviors948 Words   |  4 Pages Substance abuse among adolescents has become more common in the United States and the root of the problem is aimed towards blaming parental influence. The article, Adolescents’ perceptions of Parental; Influence on Their Smoking Behavior: A Content Analysis is mainly about a study that consisted of interviewing 35 adolescents ranging from the ages of 14 and 18 to find out if and how their parents influenced their personal smoking behaviors (Maggi et al. 2014). 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All medical and hospital services are free and health care is under the control of state[1]. Each province has at least two hospitals, and as of 2004 there were approximately 18 dentists, 31 pharmacists, 267 phy sicians, and 305 nurses per 100,000 people[2]. The World Health Organization established and supports nine adolescent-friendly clinics aroundRead MoreThe Effects Of Cigarette Smoking On Health884 Words   |  4 Pagesadversely affects health, there are more than 4 million adults reported as active smokers. In many cases, nicotine addiction began in their adolescent years. The Center for Disease Control has estimated a prevention of 1 million deaths per year and 2 million due to tobacco control and programs shifting the leading cause of death or prevalence onto the youth (quote). Despite the benefits of tobacco control policies such as the excise tax, the nicotine epidemic among adolescents continues to proliferateRead MoreAdolescent Suicide. Internationally, Suicide Ranks Fourth1507 Words   |  7 PagesAdolescent Suicide Internationally, suicide ranks fourth among the major causes of adolescents’ deaths (Peltzer Pengpid, 2015). Suicide ranks as the third major reason of adolescents’ deaths in the U.S. in addition to second in Europe (Shlosberg et al., 2014). In the United States, deaths of people among the ages of 10 and 24 are primarily related to auto accidents, accidental injuries, homicide, and suicide (accounting for 17%) (Shlosberg et al., 2014). The report also established that 14.6% ofRead More Adolescents, Mental Health, and Cigarette Smoking Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pagesthis research interested in looking at mental health and its relationship to cigarette smoking. By searching the Internet, I found myself being drawn into the discourse surrounding cigarette smoking, mental health and adolescents/adolescence. By seeing nicotine as addictive, and therefore an abuseable substance, and understanding the neurological effects nicotine has on the brain, we can see how cigarette s moking is connected to mental health. In adolescents the effect is even more pronounced becauseRead MoreSubstance Abuse : A Public Health Problem Among American Children And Adolescents1561 Words   |  7 PagesSubstance use and abuse is a definitely a public health problem among American children and adolescents. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, substance abuse is the excessive use of a drug or the use of a drug without medical justification. There are various different substances that adolescents are abusing. Alcohol is the most abused in adolescence with four in ten high school seniors consuming some type of alcoholic beverage in the past month and more than one in five engaging in bingeRead MoreGroup Counseling824 Words   |  3 Pagesdependency on tobacco, and alternative tobacco uses. Alternative tobacco uses include; smokeless tobacco, hookah and cigars. The topic is chosen because; tobacco is identified as a cause of mortality and morbidity rate causing an imme nse burden to the society while it is the most preventable cause. The topic is also chosen because adolescent smokers have a higher likelihood of establishing tobacco use and dependency in later life. Clinicians have recommended different forms of treatment to tobacco dependency

Death in Do Not Go Gentle, City Cafeteria, Death Shall...

Death in Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night, City Cafeteria, And Death Shall Have no Dominion and Grandparents Death is a highly personal event. It affects each of us differently. It affected Peter Kocans man in the City Cafeteria by making him look empty and disoriented. It affected Dylan Thomas by making him think about what there was afterward, and what you could do to avoid it. Death even affected Robert Lowell by making him realise how much it changed his life. I, fortunately, seem to have avoided death in many ways, but also have been touched by it, even recently. While preparing for this essay, ironically, one of my family pets died. It was a chicken named Ellephante, which belonged to my younger sister. I†¦show more content†¦The whole of the poem, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night, relates quite poignantly to the demise of Ellephante, albeit in a different way than perhaps intended. Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay, Rage, rage against the dying of the light. This verse especially affects me - because I know how bright Ellephantes eyes were before it died, and I know from experience what fighting chickens looked like - eyes wide, claws up - and I can imagine Ellephante rage, raging against the dog next-door. Ellephante was killed on Saturday morning, while my father and I were out shopping. My sister went into the back yard and discovered a pile of white feathers and a growling dog next door. When I returned home, my sister, aged 12, reminded me strongly of the man in Peter Kocans City Cafeteria. She seemed to have the same, empty look about her. At lunchtime, she sat, as he does, Picking absently at his (her) food In a meek confusion. I could feel, just looking at her, that something, a big part of her life, was gone and couldnt be easily replaced. There would be other chickens, sure, but none of them would be Ellephante, none of them would fly up and sit on her shoulder and peck at her hair. None of them would be that same little white ball of fluff she lovingly watched grow into a beautiful silky bantam. I can only hope that, like

Kellogs Case Study Free Essays

The management process is responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably. ELEMENTS OF PRODUCT Kellogg’s provide a such variety of food, their food is reliable. They are take care of providing a safe and healthy work environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Kellogs Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their food is good for health as well, which is the main point what makes product valuable to us. Core of product is benefit. Whatever is makes you satisfied is core benefits. Cornflakes is the actual product of kellogg’s, which is exist with the colour, style, branding, fashion, quality. Kellogg’s cornflakes is the most valuable, reliable, and a very popular product which is makes us satisfied to buy it. In order to satisfied core benefits company create a product. Driving product is depending on process marketing. E. g. i buy cup of coffee, augment this cup with selave when it is hot. Augmented element cost money. Augment product is created with the customer care, finance, installation, service, delivery, warranties. Kellogg’s cornflakes is also provide a customer care, it is affordable by every kind of people, we can buy it from every kind of shopping center and its widely available so easy to buy. TYPES OF PRODUCT Convection Kellogg’s is available in every shopping centre it is a breakfast so people buy it regularly and it is low priced so everyone can buy it easily. It is widely available and often high brand loyalty which is kellogg’s. Speciality Kellogg’s corn flakes is available in all superstore so people can get it easily and in competition with other brand of product corn flakes is perfect and less frequent luxury purchases. This product has got a personal selling skills. On the pack of this product they give all the information so ustomer can get all information about needs / gather lots of information before buying. Shopping Relatively expensive with infrequent purchases. Usually occurring with customer knowledge in relation to the high market brands. In relation to kellogg’s, this product is marketed within major superstores and has a variety of high competition with other known brands, e. g. Nestle. In this case, a high brand led would be cereals which would be aimed at certain customers for example weight watching customers. Unsought Distress purchases with little pleasure. Marketers need to make customers aware of where they are available to create preferences. Kellogg’s have approached this by advertising and promoting different corn flakes e. g. chocolate flakes or honey coated flakes. For the selling of product of Kellogg’s we need to understand the customer behaviour. The behaviour includes what they may buy? Why do they buy? When do they buy? And where do they buy? The modal of customer buyer behaviour includes the 4ps where market stimulation occurs. Other market stimulations include; economic, technological, political and cultural. Consumer decision making For the consumer decision making first if all we need to know about the problem then search for the reason of that then alternative evolution then purchase evaluation so then we can get purchase decision and behaviour then we can get our post purchase evaluation. BRAND LOYALTY Brand attitude There are different types of attitude for different brands. When we see the corn flakes first of all we goe the brand kellogg’s in our mind and it makes positive image in our mind, which is a very important thing for the product. Corn flakes is the very popular and reliable brand so people got a good image of this brand, so with the good and success image brand its create a positive brand attitude. Brand preference Why customer should buy that particular brand then the other brand it depend on the quality of brand, quantity of brand, prise of brand, dependability of brand. Kellogg’s corn flakes is the more quality brand, very old and trustable, good quantity, affordable, so with this preferences customer buy this brand more then the other brand. Brand allegiance When customer get satisfied with the brand they will like some change with the same product then if they find it more dependable they will continue buy that brand over the long period of time. kellogg’s is the old and trustable brand. Customers are using this brand been long time so with focus on customer needs kellogg’s providing some choices with the flavour and other product as well. E. g. coco pops, crunchy nut nutty, all bran. etc. Consumer buying decision process First of all in buying this process ther are different stages with the decision so first step is total set when u got lots of things infront of you then you recognise awareness, then consideration set after that you’ll get some selected things to choice in the choice set then can make your decision. Kellogg’s business strategy is clear and focused: * to grow the cereal business there are now 40 different cereals * to expand the snack business by diversifying into convenience foods * to engage in specific growth opportunities. Production Cornflakes are produced in significant quantities at the Trafford Park factory in Manchester, which is also the largest cereal factory in the world. Cereals derived from cornflakes A former patient of the Battle Creek Sanitarium named C. W. Post started a rival company, as we all as the major other brand of corn flakes in the United States, called Post westies. Australia’s Sanitarium also manufactures their own brand of corn flakes called Skippy corn flakes. In addition there are many generic brands of corn flakes produced by various manufacturers. ttp://www. kelloggs. co. uk/products/cornflakes/Cereal/corn_flakes. aspx Kellogg’s commitment At Kellogg’s they are committed to building great brands. they follow shared values, principles and behaviour to provide high quality and great tasting foods in a responsible manner: * They act with integrity and show respect. * They are all accountable. * They are passionate about they business, they brands and they food. * T hey have the humility and hunger to learn. * They love success. * They strive for simplicity. Kellogg Company has a rich history of corporate social responsibility, a history that has grown and evolved to meet the complexities of today’s business world and the challenges of a global society. They founder, W. K. Kellogg, sought to â€Å"invest my money in people†. That legacy continues to guide they company and they people. Corporate responsibility is a way of life at Kellogg. They responsibilities include: * Sustainability – Understanding, managing and minimising they impact on the environment to a sustainable future for everyone. * Communities – Investing in and enriching they communities so that they can reach their full potential. They are passionate about their business, there brands and there food. * Market place – Behaving responsibly in the market place, selling nutritious products, advocating healthy lifestyles and acting with integrity and adhering to the highest ethical standards. * Work place – Promoting diversity in their work force and ensuring a safe, healthy workplace. They commitment to social responsibility is as strong today as it was when there company was founded. They are proud of their progress, but there is still much they can do. Diversity They aim is that diversity in Kellogg’s is something you can feel, see and hear – it is not just a page in the annual report. Instead diversity hits you when you walk through the door. They actively encour age individuals to be themselves and use all of their talents to contribute their best each day for the benefit of themselves, others and Kellogg’s. They desire is for a diverse and inclusive workforce regardless of; language, nationality, work-style, learning style, culture, ethnicity, job level, gender, sexual orientation, life experiences, skills, physical abilities, thinking style and marital or family status. Environment They are committed to operating a sustainable business that increases shareowner value and ensures a better quality of life for everyone, now and for generations to come. Sustainability has always been an integral part of Kellogg’s recipe for success and it will continue to be in the years to come. Kellogg’s promotes and maintains environmentally responsible practices for the benefit of there customers, consumers, employees, and the communities in which they operate. They conduct and grow there business in a manner that protects the environment and demonstrates good stewardship of there worldAs natural restheyces. Kellogg’s strives for continual improvement through the development of specific programs that address the environmental cost and impact of there activities, products and services. These programs include a commitment to use resources efficiently, minimise waste, and measure environmental impact Responsible marketing Since its foundation, Kellogg’s has been committed to informing consumers of all ages about the importance of a balanced approach to diet and physical activity. Kellogg’s has in place a global marketing code and a longstanding commitment to TV advertising in a responsible manner. This means: They will not encourage over-consumption. They will not use words like ‘king-size’ or ‘super-size’ and all there promotions will depict sensible portion sizes. * They will always present Kellogg’s breakfast cereals as part of a balanced breakfast – usually in a family context. * They will run balanced promotional calendars â €“ featuring a good mix of fun, education and overallbeing-based activities for both adults and children. * They will not target any advertising at children under six years of age. Work / life balance Creating a work environment which allows the business to deliver consistently strong results is essential to there future. Helping to create a good work / life balance is an essential part of this. Some of the initiatives run by Kellogg’s include: * Flexitime, home-working, part-time working and job share. * Career breaks, parental leave, time off for dependants and maternity and paternity leave. * Personal development planning, secondments and study leave. * On site gyms, or subsidised access to local facilities, free annual lifestyle assessments in work time, a variety of physical exercise based programmes. Health and safety Employee safety is a value at Kellogg’s. They are committed to providing a safe and healthy work environment and preventing accidents. Employees are accountable for observing the safety and health rules and practices that apply to their jobs. They are expected to take precautions necessary to protect themselves and their co-workers, including immediately reporting accidents, injuries and unsafe practices or conditions. Employees also are expected to report to work free from the influence of any substance that could prevent or impair them from performing their jobs safely and effectively. Customer information processing Personality Personality is like , if you buy a branded company car so you make personality. when people buy a kellogg’s they think about the image of kellogg’s in the market. so when customer buy a product they buy a brand. Perception Perception works in different way,e. g. we carrying clothes how people look at us, what brand you wearing. So, as the same way its depend on brand what you using. Perception is increases the prise of product. Learning is just not about academic learning but existing knowledge, our own knowledge. E. g. if i am going to buy break fast snack so i need to learn about product a to product b. We learn by application not ny remembering. Attitude from the environment and enfluence we create emotion how good or bad it like attitude. E. g. customer buying a brand to being part of group. Over a hundred years ago, the Kellogg brothers – Will Keith and John Harvey – devised a new breakfast in their quest for healthy foods. That breakfast was of course, Kellogg’s Corn Flakes †¦ The Sunshine Breakfast! Crisp, golden flakes made from the finest sun-ripened corn. Since then generations of people have been waking up to enjoy the refreshing, simple taste of Kellogg’s Corn Flakes and ice cold milk. Product details How to cite Kellogs Case Study, Free Case study samples

HR Implication of GIG Economy-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Analyse and report on the HR Implications of Emerging working arrangements relating to the GIG Economy. Answer: Introduction The upcoming change in the employment process where the companies employ freelancers and contractors to do their jobs is known as the Gig economy. It has large a impact on the traditional economic system of workforce as it focuses on better facilities at cheaper rates compared to the organizations based on the traditional economy (Huws, Spencer and Joyce, 2016). The Gig economy flourishes as in the modern society majority of the workforce wants flexible jobs. As the traditional workforce is changing with the emergence of gig economy, the Human Resource Department of any organization, which offers gig economy-based workforce, has transforming role in the new culture (Kenney and Zysman, 2016). The HR department of any organization, which proposes freelance or contractual work, faces challenges and consumes benefits according to gig economy. The purpose of this report is to analyze the HR implications of emerging working arrangements based on the gig economy. The leading organization in Australia taken as a subject for the report is 99designs. The report will identify and investigate the HR benefits and challenges for 99designs. It will further develop possible recommendations for effective operations of 99designs as a gig economy with a flexible work environment. The report will provide recommendations of how the organization might make best use of the gig economy in its organizational structure for a positive output. Gig Economy: Concepts, Theories and HR Implication The gig economy is an organizational structure which gives its employees the freedom to have flexible work schedule, ideal for freelancers and contractual employees. From the individual workers perspective, the gig economy gives them freedom to work from any location according to their chosen time (Kenney and Zysman 2016). However, the income from this type of economy is not consistent so the employees have to work continuously or shuttle between multiple jobs. For securing work in the gig economy, workers contribute labor, time as well as capital. In gig economy, the business organizations are light in assets. In gig economy, business organizations connects providers and consumers and these business enterprises make money by providing access to services and goods, but the risks are imposed to individual gig workers instead of business organizations. The gig economy is the process of hiring labor when there is a demand. The websites like Uber, Amazon Mechanical Trunk, and Task Rabbit) helps in breaking down of work into components so that these tasks can be allotted to gig workers as per requirement. The advancement of digital and social technologies has changed the business process of an organization. The nature of work has evolved with the advent of Gig Economy and work has become modular and granular. This shift in technology has made some topics of human resource highly relevant (Acquier, Daudigeos and Pinkse, 2017). These topics are th e application of information technology for proper hiring decisions, the influence of technology on the structure of work and new arrangements for work, which become important with the advent of the Gig Economy. The management of highly fluctuating flow of work and project management is facilitated by self-employment and hiring of flexible labor. These are important aspects of the Gig Economy. Operation of the Gig Economy in Case of 99designs In the gig economic structure, freelancers or independent workers provide their services in a particular platform. The job could be wed-based as internet is one of the major platforms where the gig economy based businesses operate. In the modern digital world, the gig economy based working structure is increasingly becoming common as people prefer work from home comfortably. 99designs is an Australian company, whose global operations follow the gig economy employing freelance designers. This company has registered designers from around the world coming together through this platform (99designs.com, 2017). Freelancers could make money on the web platform of 99designs in two ways. One way of making money from this site is participating in the competition organized by the clients. From this competition, the clients could select their favorite designs and respective designers. The payment is based on the package that has been chosen by the clients at the beginning of the package (Ahluwalia 2017). The workers have three levels with accordingly fixed payment options. For example, in gold package expert designers would provide the designs and bronze package would allocate creative designers for people with lower budgets. Another way of making money in this platform is by means of private project. Either the freelancers find clients or clients would find the freelancers based on the portfolio. The freelancers in this way could work separately apart from the contests. In this way, the freelancers have a secure payment platform (99designs.com 2017). Benefits faced by the HR for the Implication of Gig Economy As discussed in this report about the changing scenario of the workforce that shifted in gig economic structure, the changing function of the HR role and policy should be taken into account. As the gig economic structure is widely acceptable in todays world and the study shows that by 2020 40% of the total population would accept it making recruitment a minor problem faced by the organization (Boatright, 2017). This is also applicable in case of 99design platform. The HR does not facing any problems regarding recruitment as many freelancers automatically register on the portal as the considering the nature of the work. Thus, the HR department of 99design is benefitted in the recruitment procedure (99designs.com, 2017). The implication of Gig Economy provides many benefits for the Hr department. The Gig economy has resulted in lower overheads, the employment of full-time workers is costly and by recruiting a flexible workforce, the HR department of 99designs can cut unnecessary cost. The gig economy has provided a small and condensed pool of talent and this talent-pool can be easily defined and filtered by the HR department of 99design to search for the right candidate who will be a perfect fit to meet the strategic goals of the organization (99designs.com, 2017). The gig workers of an organization bear the cost of their own learning and development programs, thus the learning and development overheads are lowered by the implication of the Gig economy, which proves to be highly beneficial for the HR team of an organization. Gig economy is beneficial for the HR teams because when a project is required to be completed within a tight deadline or ad-hoc revisions are necessary in the project, the hiring of flexible workers can be highly beneficial for a HR team (Kenney and Zysman 2016). In the staff selection process HR would be benefitted in the gig economic structure as discussed by Frenken and Schor (2017). According to them, gig economy provides muchsmaller and thick pool of talents that could be effortlessly identified, screened and explored by the HR team of any organization offering freelancing. This is kind of identifying the right people in the right place (Kenney and Zysman, 2016). The gig economy is beneficial for the HR team because this economy can bring expert workforce in areas of business organizations which are strategically important. The downsized departments of an organization can flex resource levels with the advent of Gig economy thus increasing the effective functioning of these departments. The flexible employment opportunity provided by the Gig economy also enhances the diversity goals of the HR teams of a business organization. The Gig economy helps the HR teams to retain key experience and skills by offering employment as per requirement ( Pompa, 2017). The flexible hiring process of the Gig economy promotes creativity and agility because individuals with different work experience become a part of the workforce of a business organization. Challenges faced by the HR for the Implication of Gig Economy The challenges faced by the HR for the implication of gig economy on the platforms like 99designs include managing remote workforce, training and meeting the consumer requirements from a shifting workforce. As the gig economic structure explores the opportunity to work for the freelancers from anywhere in the world, the HR team of this company faces challenges to reach employees from remote locations or work with the virtual short-term employees. Sometimes it is very difficult to connect directly to the freelancers as the communication is online and there may be barriers like time-zone difference or technological barriers. Any problem in the internet connection would disassociate the employer and the employee in the case of gig economy (Richardson, 2015). As the 99design is portfolio based web platform, the HR department should focus on the talent portfolio management than the talent management, which is the older traditional way. In this type of talent portfolio management, the HR is facing some challenges. The 99design has some internal employees who work for the 99design. However, the HR has to assimilate the internal employees and external freelancers based on their talent portfolio. The HR should treat the external freelancers and internal employees equally for successful implication of the HR management, otherwise, the freelancers could move to the other platforms (Guest, 2017). Other challenges include integration of the contracts terms and conditions into a seamless, cohesive whole. The HR should notice about the rewards and benefits given to the freelancers or contract based part-time employees (Elstad, 2015). The HR team of the 99design should carefully avoid challenges that the team is facing regarding the contracts terms and conditions of the freelancers. As the gig economic structure is mainly web-based and includes freelancers across the globe, the HR sometimes faces challenges regarding technological application and implication (Pompa, 2017). The HR of the 99design faces a major barrier of training and the inculcation of the organizational goals among the employees. The online recruitment process does not give the chance to the HR to filter out the incapable employees in the organization. The HR of this kind of platform like 99design is facing the problems related to smoothness and ease in managing technology (99designs.com, 2017). The social, ethical and sustainability challenges are faced by HR teams with the advent of the Gig economy. For instance, the gig economy results in disguised employment and thus the formal economy is hampered as a large number of work-force is excluded from social and labor protection(Friedman 2014). Workers in the gig economy are a part of intermittent workforce and they are not eligible for employment benefits like maternity leaves or paid holidays. The gig economy has resulted in contractual agreements, which involve multiple parties. Thus there is lack of transparency in the platform and workers do not understand which party they should rely on and with which party they should discuss critical issues(Richardson, 2015). As there are many freelancers in the platform of 99design, the HR is facing challenges in managing the quality control. This is related to the remote workforce management. As the HR has to manage workforce virtually with employees in remote areas, the HR sometimes faces challenges like work going to the inexperienced freelancers rather than most trusted and best designers. The major challenges faced by the HR managers or line managers are they operate under the pressure of managing an inconsistent workforce. In this case, they are not aware of the minimum wage legislation, safety and health issues or working time. However, if the HR managers are unaware of these types of important information, the work in this cloud-based platform will be very difficult. However, the challenges would be many as this type of working platform is new. The HR policies should be modified to overcome the emerging problems as many workers now days are much interested in gig economy. Developing Possible Responses for Operating Effectively the Gig Economy as the hyper-flexible Mode As the structure of the recruitment is constantly evolving and changing into hyper flexible mode that encompasses gig economy, accurate HR implication is also necessary. There is need to develop possible responses for effectively operating the gig economy as the flexible job structure to the freelancers. The HR needs to anticipate the changes resulting from the gig economic structure. It would be possible by conducting an HR agility audit process (Kuhn, 2016). The HR needs to focus on the work analysis of an employee whether full time or part time instead of job analysis. The management should think creatively about the possible environment in which the HR team could think about redesigning the HR policies, processes and structures that would be supportive of the gig economy (Pompa, 2017). The management has to take initiative to transform the older policies, processes and structures that only allow the internal full-time employees as organizational talents (Meister and Mulcahy, 2016 ). The HR needs to consider the external talents as valuable as the internal talents. According to this term, the HR needs to incorporate the necessary changes. Risks and opportunities for labor protection The contractual agreements in the gig economy involves multiple parties like temporary agency workers and workers engaged by outsourcing practices and subcontracting. The workers are unable to identify their employer for the purpose of collective bargaining or while complying with health and safety obligations, the workers cant identify their employer. The growth of the gig economy is exponential but the impact of the economy on rights of labor is often ignored. The gig economy results in commoditization of work as crowd-work, work-on-demand via apps are used in gig economy to match the demand and supply of work. For instance, the possibility of freedom of association is reduced in case of crowd-workers because these workers are dispersed on the internet (Richardson, 2015).There is high competition in crowd-work platforms and workers often display opportunistic behavior. Thus a healthy work environment recognized by the International Labor Organization cant be promoted with the adven t of Gig economy. The Gig economy has resulted in non-standard form of work because the workers can be terminated very easily by deactivating them or excluding them from a platform or app (Acquier, Daudigeos and Pinkse, 2017). Recommendations It can be concluded by stating that gig economy and possible implication on the HR issues have been discussed on broader sense with some references to the related literature. The gig economy is consuming the job market and it would be one of the best and accepted job opportunities by the end of 2020 (Kenney and Zysman, 2016). The gig economic structure and the related HR issues is discussed in relation to the Australia based web platform called 99design. The 99design is accepted the gig economic structure and offers freelancing jobs to the designers. In the context of the 99design, the benefits and challenges faced by the HR department of the 99desiogn have been discussed and possible responses to operate the gig economic structure in terms of HR policies and structures have been discussed. By discussing broadly the HR issues of the gig economy, it is recommended that the companies, which are offering the gig economic platform need to develop the possible HR strategies for accepting these changes. The 99design could incorporate the new HR policy of managing the clients from the remote areas as many complains is coming in this field. As the work force and work role is constantly evolving online training methods should be introduced. The HR roles and management should incorporate these changes; otherwise, it would be difficult for the companies to accept the new mode generational mode of working nature. References 99designs.com (2017).Logos, Web, Graphic Design More. | 99designs. [online] 99designs. Available at: https://99designs.com/ [Accessed 24 Nov. 2017]. Acquier, A., Daudigeos, T. and Pinkse, J., 2017. Promises and paradoxes of the sharing economy: An organizing framework.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,125, pp.1-10. Ahluwalia, R., 2017. CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF UBER BUSINESS MODEL UNDER GIG ECONOMY.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (IJMSS),6(2), pp.62-65. Boatright, J.R., 2017. The Vanishing American Corporation: Navigating the Hazards of a New Economy, by Davis Gerald F.. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2016. 222 pp. ISBN: 978-1-62656-279-0.Business Ethics Quarterly,27(2), pp.315-318. Elstad, B., 2015. Freelancing: Cool jobs or bad jobs?.Nordisk kulturpolitisk tidsskrift,18(01), pp.101-124. Frenken, K. and Schor, J., 2017. Putting the sharing economy into perspective.Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions,23, pp.3-10. Friedman, G., 2014. Workers without employers: shadow corporations and the rise of the gig economy.Review of Keynesian Economics,2(2), pp.171-188. Guest, D.E., 2017. Human resource management and employee well?being: towards a new analytic framework.Human Resource Management Journal,27(1), pp.22-38. Graham, M., Hjorth, I. and Lehdonvirta, V., 2017. Digital labour and development: impacts of global digital labour platforms and the gig economy on worker livelihoods.Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research,23(2), pp.135-162. Huws, U., Spencer, N.H. and Joyce, S., 2016. Crowd work in Europe.Preliminary results from a survey in the UK, Sweden, Germany, Austria and the Netherlands. University of Hertfordshire and Ipsos MORI, in association. Kenney, M. and Zysman, J., 2016. The rise of the platform economy.Issues in Science and Technology,32(3), p.61. Kuhn, K.M., 2016. The Rise of the Gig Economy and Implications for Understanding Work and Workers.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,9(1), pp.157-162. Meister, J. and Mulcahy, K.J., 2016.The Future Workplace Experience: 10 Rules For Mastering Disruption in Recruiting and Engaging Employees. McGraw Hill Professional. Pompa, L., 2017. From the Unusual to the Useful: Digital Platforms and Co-Working Spaces as Instruments for Human Resource Management in Emerging Economic and Organizational Environments.International Journal of Business and Management,12(8), p.143. Richardson, L., 2015. Performing the sharing economy.Geoforum,67, pp.121-129. Scholz, T., 2016.Uberworked and Underpaid: How Workers are Disrupting the Digital Economy. John Wiley Sons.

Television vs the Printing press Essay Example For Students

Television vs the Printing press Essay The television and the printing press are two very essential and widely used media products. In order to determine which one could be named the superior of the two I have researched and studied both topics extensively .In this essay I will explain why I have come to the conclusion that the printing press is more influential, vital, and educational to society than the television. How can a five hundred-year-old printer be influential? I can answer this question in one word, literacy. What do literacy and influence have in common? The printed material produced by Johannes Gutenberg sparked a curiosity that actually motivated people to be educated. The availability of printed material was very low. Reproduction of words and (The first important book made in the west with moveable type, the forty-two lined bible, the most influential book in the world)images had been so expensive and time consuming to create that only a minute percent of the population could even get their hands on it, let alone understand it. We will write a custom essay on Television vs the Printing press specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now By bringing together the basic concepts of printing, Gutenberg started a world revolution. With moveable type that could be reused and a press for impressions that could be used a plethora of times, the printing press made it possible for publications and reading material to be more abundant and quickly produced. So, the effects of Gutenbergs cause are the spread of ideas and news and information, which shaped the worlds thinking. The influential outcome of the printing press is the words and images it produces. They influence our thoughts, actions and our lives. The reason I believe the printing press is vital to our society is the simple fact that we use it so much. Our currency is produced by the printing press. Our mailing system as far as stamps are concerned is another product of the printing press. Advertisements, wrappers for food, entertainment such as comic books and playing cards, and calendars are all items that Americans and people all over the world use everyday. The television can do two things, project an image and create a sound with that image. It is not mobile like the products of a printing press nor is it as affordable and easily possesed. In Americas quickly moving society, products of the printing press are easier to transport, understand and exchange than any other means of communication. If television was really the complete package, and could inform everyone all the time about everything anywhere, then why are newspaper companies and magazines and books still selling so much? Because printed material is vital to society, we need it to survive, to grow, and to learn, and printed material part of it all.(Tolbert Lanstons invention cast type in individual letters as opposed to entire lines)Education is fundamental to growth and survival in todays society. From learning about a concert on Friday night from a flyer handed out at the beach to biology books teaching doctors how to treat our illnesses, printed material teaches people an abundance of knowledge. Regardless of importance, it informs. Printed material made by the printing press contributes to the enrichment of individuals thinking. The libraries that are in most all communities hold more knowledge than one human being could absorb in a life time. Television does not always have a program that is informing on a subject of which you would like more knowledge on, therefore books and magazines are a better source of information and entertainment. Overall, I believe that television is a lazy mans newspaper and is more accepted by society than products of the printing press. Never the less, billboards, money, stamps and church pamphlets are items that could not be abandoned from our lives. Printing press products are more affordable, easily distributed and copied for the convenience of all people, not just those who can afford television sets and cable, and homes to put them in, but everyone. The bible and school textbooks are used and read everyday millions of times by millions of people, you cant do that with a television. John F. .ubb7cdd77e0fc43e06dbf87975360050e , .ubb7cdd77e0fc43e06dbf87975360050e .postImageUrl , .ubb7cdd77e0fc43e06dbf87975360050e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubb7cdd77e0fc43e06dbf87975360050e , .ubb7cdd77e0fc43e06dbf87975360050e:hover , .ubb7cdd77e0fc43e06dbf87975360050e:visited , .ubb7cdd77e0fc43e06dbf87975360050e:active { border:0!important; } .ubb7cdd77e0fc43e06dbf87975360050e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubb7cdd77e0fc43e06dbf87975360050e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubb7cdd77e0fc43e06dbf87975360050e:active , .ubb7cdd77e0fc43e06dbf87975360050e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubb7cdd77e0fc43e06dbf87975360050e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubb7cdd77e0fc43e06dbf87975360050e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubb7cdd77e0fc43e06dbf87975360050e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubb7cdd77e0fc43e06dbf87975360050e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubb7cdd77e0fc43e06dbf87975360050e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubb7cdd77e0fc43e06dbf87975360050e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubb7cdd77e0fc43e06dbf87975360050e .ubb7cdd77e0fc43e06dbf87975360050e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubb7cdd77e0fc43e06dbf87975360050e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Loving From Vietnam To Zimbabwe Essay Kennedy called television a vast wasteland. I cant help but think that he would he would grin and agree with my

buy custom Boundary-Spanning Roles essay

buy custom Boundary-Spanning Roles essay Managers have full responsibilities of making success in a business (Lysonski, Singer Wilemon, 1989). This presents a challenge for them to formulate effective and goal-oriented strategies that will enable them succeed. They coordinate the operations of a business both in and out. This involves dealing with staff, daily, operations, customers and publics. Both internal and external environments of a business are important in defining its state. One of the strategies managers use is boundary-spanning role. These are job positions where employees are subjected to direct contact with publics, as well as employees from other organizations or firms. Managers use boundary spanners to gather external information. This information is very useful in enhancing the entire organizational performance. This is because managers get to know the trends in the market and understand the consumers better. In most cases, they know what the customers want, as well as what the competitors have in store. They also use boundary-spanning roles in form of business practice, so as to get nearer to trends and potential customers of their products. Through this, they enhance their competitive advantage, which is essential for survival in the market. Most managers use communication as a boundary-spanning mode where they lay much focus on IT (Ford, Evans Matthews, 2004). This allows for easy communication and access of data from both internal and external sources. Customer data is also made available to the organization and kept in a database for easier access in future transactions. This increases efficiency in service provision and hence an upgraded competitive advantage. Boundary-spanning role enables managers to notice any change in the technology world, which facilitates innovation. This innovation of products enhances customers satisfaction and loyalty and hence a repeat business. Competitive advantage is enhanced through product innovation. Managers involved both customers and suppliers in product development process, thus maintaining them in the organizations circle. Buy custom Boundary-Spanning Roles essay

Women & Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Women & Development - Essay Example Because women are not strong as men, they are considered weak and therefore are subjected to prejudice and discrimination. For many centuries women have suffered at the hand of clergy and state. The former renounced women as morally weak while the latter didn’t allow women to use their right to vote. It was not until the 20th century that things started to change and there was considerable intellectual progress. But this progress has not yet made inroads in all regions of the world. The effect of the feminist movement of the 60s can be seen in the Europe and America but women in the developing countries are still facing many serious issues. In this paper we will discuss how UNICEF, a renowned international organization, is trying to deal with women issues like gender inequality, maternal health and other women development issues like female education. We will attempt to elaborate and then evaluate their efforts with regards to women related issues. In the end we will elucidate how UNICEF envisions the future of women development. UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund is an international organization which was established by the United Nations in 1946 in order to deal with the challenges children were facing in the post World War 2 era (UNICEF, 2010). The organization was mainly given the task to deal with the emergency situation children were facing but later the mission of the organization was broadened. Today UNICEF works for children and women in all parts of the world. The focus of the organization is on the children and women of developing world as they are the most vulnerable. UNICEF is funded by voluntary contributions from organizations, people, and countries all over the world. There are national committees that are established in different countries and their purpose is to raise funds. Individual donors also contribute to the organization and they are an important source of funding for UNICEF. UNICEF is working in different less develope d countries with an aim to safeguard rights of children and women. The organization focuses on education, health, and gender discrimination in the developing world. The situation for women and children in the developing world is extremely vulnerable as they are not even given the basic necessities of life. Moreover child abuse and domestic violence is common. In such a situation UNICEF helps to decrease the plight of women in a variety of ways. One such way is to provide education of children and women. Education is one of the areas of focus for UNICEF specially child education. It is important for children to get educated, at least to a certain extent, so that they can realize what their rights are and can also pass that education to their offspring. Women empowerment is also advocated by UNICEF and it calls for an end to gender discrimination in education and job opportunities. Basic health facility improvement is also a way in which UNICEF is helping poor countries. Issues of Wom en Development and Role of UNICEF The main issues that UNICEF deals are female education, maternal health, and gender discrimination. All these issues and the role of UNICEF in dealing with these issues will be discussed below. Gender Inequality Gender inequality is a major problem in developing countries. Women are not given equal opportunities to excel in all walks of life. They are mostly expected to stay at home and take care of the children. Women also have no control on their lives because of the patriarchal nature of societies in the developing world (Mies, 1998). This creates a lot of disparity between the two genders, both economically and socially. Women are not considered equal to men and therefore are denied rights on a regular basis. Gender inequality therefore has become an

Career Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Career Making - Essay Example The organisation is based in London, United Kingdom (Web Focus 2008). The human resources units of Arcadia functions directly with line managers to assist in the management, development, training, and recruitment of people; it is HR’s duty to investigate and bring in the most productive development procedures and best practice in employee relations. The HR department also has several professionals who work all over the organisation, especially in the area of Employee Relations and Reward, Management Development and Graduate Resourcing (Web Focus 2008). The group possesses a firm external concentration to guarantee Arcadia is promoting itself as an empowering and motivating employer and keeping updated of the external market developments in human resources. I am interested to pursue an HR position in Arcadia, preferably an HR Officer, since my educational background and training, as well as my experience, in the field is quite extensive. I plan to develop my career in this area of Human Resource Management. 2. Self-Assessment, Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSA) The following are my skills and abilities which are relevant to the position I am aspiring for (these are also shown in my CV): (1) excellent communication and interpersonal skills at all levels; (2) ability to interact effectively with people of all backgrounds with tact and diplomacy; (3) dedicated to providing the highest standards of customer service; (4) enthusiastic, highly motivated, reliable and trustworthy individual; (5) ability to work well under pressure and within strict deadlines; (6) independent and resourceful, a quick learner, able to adapt quickly and easily; (7) ability to lead, motivate and inspire others, a committed team player; (8) friendly, approachable, outgoing personality with a positive outlook; and (9) good attendance and punctuality; good ability to use initiative. In terms of knowledge, I think that four major areas of my competencies are relevant to the position I am applying for in Arcadia. First is the focus to succeed. Understanding the external and internal environment of the business regularly and developing techniques for innovative outcomes. Competencies involve: drive to succeed, innovative thinking, and customer idea. Second is organising to implement. Executing with teamwork, adaptability, and speed; competencies involve: certainty, teamwork, direct talk, and group leadership. Third is upholding momentum. Acquiring long-term outcomes that continue to develop; competencies involve personal commitment, training, developing organisational capacity. And lastly is dedication to the business. However, these four areas of competencies are not sufficient. I should also be knowledgeable of different topics such as marketing, stress management, strategic planning, and workplace conflict. 3. The Appropriateness of my KSA to Human Resource Management Position As a clothing store HR manager, hired by a retail company, I should have the experie nce or skill to buy products directly from a wholesale company or manufacturer, as well as to predict what will attract customers and the saleability of the apparels, on the basis of cost, style, and competition. I should also possess the ability to educate and motivate personnel as they also perform customer

A Jury of Her Peers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Jury of Her Peers - Essay Example Throughout the story, Glaspell clearly depicts how men in those times regarded women as remarks thick with chauvinist undertones are exchanged between the male characters. For instance, while conducting the investigation in the Wright's abode, the county attorney asked Mrs. Peters, the sheriff's wife, to keep an eye for anything that maybe helpful in revealing the real motive for Mr. Wright's brutal murder. To this, Mr. Hale quickly asserts, "would the women know a clue if they did, come upon it" Another example is when the three men overheard Mrs. Hale's query about the quilt, an important evidence missed by the men that would ultimately uncover Mrs. Wright's motive. Mrs. Hale asks, "Do you suppose she was going to quilt it or just knot it" Upon hearing this, the sheriff threw up his hands in incredulity then remarks, "They wonder whether she was going to quilt it or just knot it!" and, "There was a laugh for the ways of women." In light of the chauvinist banter, it becomes evident how the men openly mock the women. These points intend to open the eyes of readers to the reality as to how the society perceives women's ways and undertakings. There is an implication that the society highly values only the activities engaged in by men like their work s. On the other hand, women's activities such as the household chores are given minimal economic significance. These go to show how the chauvinist society distinguishes "women matters" as trivial, thus, of relatively less importance as compared to "men matters." People, even women themselves, fail to realize that women, just like the men, possess the ability and power to contribute to a cause, although in a different manner. As illustrated in Glaspell's story, it is actually Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters, being the way they are, who solved the mystery unbeknownst to the men. With their sensitivity to details and common distressing experiences, they have shed light to Mrs. Wright's real motive for taking her husband's life. Social Pressures on Women Based on Mrs. Hale's recollection, Mrs. Wright, the once vivacious lad "used to wear pretty clothes and be lively-when she was Minnie Foster." When this description is juxtaposed with Mr. Hale's image of Mrs. Wright "pleatin' at her apron", the readers are given the idea on the immense change undergone from Minnie Foster, the pretty lady who gleefully sings in the choir down to Mrs. Wright, the lifeless woman who suffered much from her husband's masculine oppression. All it takes is marriage to an oppressive man. It is then revealed that Mrs. Wright murders her husband for killing the bird, her only source of hope that serves as her constant reminder of what her life used to be. Such scenario depicts how the society imposed social pressures on women, especially those who are married. Married women, as if placed in uniform boxes, are packaged by the patriarchal society as obedient wives who readily do their husbands' every bidding. In fulfilling their domestic roles, what becomes central is that they tend to their families' needs primarily. In a way, these result in women developing an ambiguous self-image, which as Mrs. Peter's describes, "as if

Business Culture And Communication Of Australia Management Essay

Business Culture And Communication Of Australia Management Essay The Report is an endeavour to demonstrate the feasibility of an Australian based University to open their new campuses in Taiwan and Japan. It presents a detailed informative study about the cross cultural means of communication, business culture and practices as well as business strategies in different regions of Asia-Pacific. There are significant issues presented in this report that will provide the readers an in-depth understanding of the topic presented. Moreover, the report is an ongoing attempt to focus on the social and cultural differences and how they play an important role in doing business across the world, important cultural aspects that influence business such as verbal communication in business, dress code, scheduling and appointment and other factors are discussed in this research, which provides guidelines for University staff. It is recommended that: Introduction Culture and communication require people to communicate across different cultures and geographical locations. In a lecture, Informatics, Culture and Communication (COMM 20036), Mr. Alexander Hoetzer described culture as involves work habits, life style, communication style, religious instruction, human behaviour and business activities. To do business successfully around the globe, all organizations need to overcome cultural barriers. background: Australian University intends to open new campuses in Tokyo and Taipei. The guidelines will be provided on cross cultural communication for Australian staff who will be liaising with the university staff in Japan and Taiwan. The guidelines must incorporate computer mediated communication channels such as videoconferencing, teleconferencing, memos, email, staff meetings and discussion forums with procedures and protocols which take into account the different cultures involved and promote effective cross cultural communication. Aim: The most aim for this report is provide guidelines on Cross-Cultural Communication for the Australian University, which intends to open their University campus Tokyo and Taiwan. 1.3 Scope: In this report, our Group presents guidance for Australian staff of a University who will be liaising with university staff in Taiwan and Japan in order to open a new university campus there. Present Report analyses the Cross-cultural issues and emphasizes the main streaming of the cultural values of Taiwan, Japan and Australia. This report examines the issues related to Australia University which intend to open campuses in Taiwan and Japan that considers not only the establishment of effective communication can be achievement. Moreover, the report illustrates the pros and cons of an organization that must have adequate knowledge of the cultural backgrounds of its members and the management must educate its employees in the aspects of cross-cultural communication. Besides, this report recommends the commitment of the strategic management to consider the culture and business issues of a country. The ability to learn within this multifaceted context to translate learning into effective decisions will add to the Australian university success. Methodology: A wide range of majority of the information formed for this proposed report will consist of research primarily from a number of online articles, case studies, journals and different resources from various websites were used to gather relevant information for this research and more over available market research reports. The literature where there is extensive contributing to be competently searched those methods currently in used. Gathering information with respected to improvements and innovations. Discussion Business Culture and Communication of Australia: Australia is great multi cultural society .Australians are friendly, outgoing, informal people who move to a first name basis quickly. Business Ethics, Culture and Meetings of Australia: Australia has a tradition of consensus that can make it an easy place to do business. Australians are generally wary of appearing boastful or arrogant. They usually dont praise any one for doing good job, because they think everyone doing their best in their jobs .This extends to their own accomplishment, successes and expertise, often point withholding information about themselves (Maria J.C.P, Ik-Whan G. K, Philipp A. S, Raymond.B, 2003).Generally Australians way of contacting will be on the basis of the first name of the person ,preceded by Mr, they greet both men and women by smiling, eye contact and shaking hands. Australians values friendship, they believe being good mates which is as important as doing business together and consider mutual respectful and beneficial relationship and is termed to be more important. Australians are generally result oriented and they prefer to make quick decisions, they are conservative and move fast to put their decisions into action. In smaller businesses, one person could be the sole decision maker for the entire company and makes decision immediately. Though, they generally take time to committing to a deal. Negotiating is not generally part of Australian business culture. They offer what they believe is a fair deal and expect you to do the same. In the business world traditional business suits are standard for men. Skirted suit or suit with pant for women. Avoid excessive jewellery or accessories. All business dealings will be in English. Australians dislike the negotiating and aggressive sale techniques because they value directness; presentation of any kind should be straight forward with both positive and negative outcomes. Meetings start on time .Appointments is mandatory to meet someone and they believe it is easy to schedule meetings and meetings should start on time if someone is running late, let your associate know in advance. Australians will not exchange business card in social meetings, because they operate more than one relationship with a contact and they never discuss about the business in social meetings. 3.1.1 Business culture and communication of Tokyo: Overview: Japan is a country of peace and harmony that continues to develop in a positive construction of tradition and modernization. Japan has been extended and colourful history and culture, a separate model hierarchy, the EEA and the etiquette that still makes social and business practices today. Due to the influence of Confucianism, it is important to have more respect for the oldest members appear in Japanese business culture. Age and rank are strongly linked. A change in the current business environment requires educational background and power often about age appropriate. Culture: Wa The most valuable principle alive in the Japanese society today is the concept of WA or harmony. The preservation of the first Constitution in 604 AD and teamwork is required when who live and work in collective farms, which dates back to social harmony. In the operating conditions, WA is reflected in the avoidance of self-assertion and individualism and the maintenance of good relations despite differences of opinion. Kao One of the fundamental elements of the Japanese social system is the concept of face. Glance is a trademark of personal pride and is the basis of an individual reputation and social status. Preservation of sight is delivered via the confrontations and direct criticism to avoid when possible. Omoiyari Closely linked to the concepts of wa and kao, omoiyari refers to the sense of empathy and loyalty in Japanese society, encouraged and authorised in Japanese business culture. Business Culture in Tokyo: In terms of business culture, Japan remains the second largest economic position in the world and its economic environment is forcing the local population to the so-called Japan style of the corporate culture and rules by which they have lived for a long time to make drastic changes. Japan has with its elaborate culture, a separate model hierarchy, the EEA and the etiquette that still reflected in many social and business practices today. A significant part of the former Japanese business protocol was a gift. In the modern contemporary Japanese business culture, it is not expected that the gesture is still practiced and accepted with gratitude. However, be careful not to take great gift as it can be thought of as a buy. It is good business practice in small talk before negotiations. The Japanese counterpart questions relating to education, family and social life. More private questions are not acceptable. Greet Hofstede Cultural Dimensions for Japan: http://www.geert-hofstede.com/graphs/hofstede_japan.gif Image courtesy: Hofstede (2009) According Hofstede (2009), above diagram terms are: Power Distance Index (PDI). Individualism (IDV). Masculinity (MAS).   Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI). Long-Term Orientation (LTO) (Hofstede 2009).  Ã‚   Business Culture, Meetings and Workings Practises in Japan: In the Japanese, companies will be reflected in the negotiating process. They begin at the executive level and continue at the middle level. Decisions will be made, however, often within the group. It is important to realise that in todays Japan, even a low-ranking individuals allows a Manager to receive his or her performance as well. Because of the great contemporary business competition in Asia, the old concept of the unhurried Japanese negotiation process no longer applies the decisions quickly and efficiently. When a business appointment, will arrange a personal call more effective than sending a letter and seen as good ways Late is as a sign of violation punctuality is essential in Japan .Due to the influence of Confucianism, it is important to have more respect for the oldest members appear in Japanese business culture. Age and rank highly connected, but a change in the current business environment means that educational background and power often about age appropriate. Physical contact, other than a handshake is never displayed in public. It is good business practice in small talk before negotiations. In General, Japanese business meetings will be aligned in order of seniority, with the leading person on the front and at the very least, a senior person closest to the door. In addition to this rule, however, it can happen that the highest person where choose. Physical contact, other than a handshake is never displayed in public. The Japanese counterpart questions relating to education, family and social life. More private questions are not acceptable. Japanese Business Etiquette: DO use apologies where the intention is serious and express gratitude frequently as it is considered polite in Japan. DO avoid confrontation or showing negative emotions during business negations. Express opinions openly but evade direct or aggressive refusals. DO greet your counterparts with the proper respect and politeness. If your counterpart bows make sure you return the gesture, which is usually performed shortly and shallowly. More often than not, a handshake is sufficient. Business Culture and Communication of Taipei: Overview Taiwan is located east of the Taiwan Strait, off the south-eastern coast of mainland China, is the largest island in the Republic of China. Taiwans population is mostly Han Chinese, who were born on the mainland and divided into three groups based on the dialect of Chinese they speak (Taiwans Country information 2007). Taiwanese value a well crafted message. They appreciate sharing a deep and broad contextual understanding in order for the core message to be delivered and understood. That context comes in the form of words, gestures and facial expressions. 3.1.2 Taiwanese Communication and culture: Communication in Taiwan can be difficult, if someone does not speak official languages such as Mandarin Chinese or Taiwanese, a southern Fujian dialect, which are broadly spoken. Levels of English will be irregular even within Taiwanese multi-nationals and major large companies based in the country. Within small to large-sized businesses, little or no English at all will be spoken. It may, therefore, be necessary to employ the use of a translator, which will further slow down an already slow process. Be prepared for the inevitable delays and confusions (Taiwanese Communication Styles n.d.). As in several Asian cultures, language is infrequently used in a completely literal fashion. Much of what is actually meant can be hidden behind a smoke screen of vagueness and coded language. It is not polite and disrespectful to disagree openly and therefore anything other than a clear yes (Taiwanese Communication Styles n.d.) should be viewed with some wariness. Search for further information; go back to the subject later in the meeting and apply diagrams, charts etc. to support to mutual comprehension. Unlike Japan, it is not unknown for meeting to become emotions, with heated, erupting and then subsiding quickly. Its better to try to ignore this lack of reserve and avoid referring back to it in an attempt to score points. This could result in loss of face and a fracture in the relationship (Taiwanese Communication Styles n.d.). Hofstede (2009) analysis for Taiwan is almost all identical models for Republic of China. Like other Asia countries relationships are in Taiwan, a primary part of the culture. Individualism is the lowest ranking factor, Long-term Orientation (LTO) is the peak factor and the Taiwanese are a collectivist society. Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions for Taiwan: http://www.geert-hofstede.com/graphs/hofstede_taiwan.gif Image courtesy: Hofstede (2009) According Hofstede (2009), above diagram terms are: Power Distance Index (PDI). Individualism (IDV). Masculinity (MAS).   Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI). Long-Term Orientation (LTO) (Hofstede 2009).  Ã‚   Taiwanese Business Culture ,Meetings and Business Practices: In general in Taiwanese society, the business culture is Confucian with strong hierarchical and family influences, particularly in the important small to large size business sector. Decision-making tends to be concentrated in the hands of organization or company owners. They are proud of their achievements and history and continue to be energetic, in the main economical. They have a natural commercial style and are welcoming to foreigners. Relationships are the key issues to success in Taiwan, its take time be familiar with your business partners (Taiwan economy brief 2008). The best relationships usually meet testing times before belief and trust develop. Taiwanese are generally tough negotiators, while they are enjoying negotiating. But Taiwanese are not formal as Japanese, it is good to continue formalities until they invited to do otherwise, self addressing like Dr Alex, Chairman Alex, Mr Alex etc (Taiwan economy brief 2008). Business visiting cards are compulsory and business cards are should be presented and received with both hands, starting with the top manager present. Instead of place the card in a pocket, treat the card with respect at the meeting. If possible print names at back of business card in Chinese and it is advisable to carry a passport for identification when dealing with government agencies (Taiwan economy brief 2008). A thoughtful gift is a suitable gesture for introduction and indicates of person desire to explore and build a good relationship. Taiwan economy brief (2008) suggested that do not give clocks, umbrellas, white flowers, handkerchiefs and sharp objectives, those are indicating that cutting or breaking a relationship. Time is money (Taiwan economy brief 2008) normally Taiwanese are comfortable to quick response and they expect quick action and decision-making. Face feeling are important in great business dealings, it is polite to speak of others in glowing expressions and be modest and deprecating about the negotiator. Never let others lose face, even in worry situation. Meeting schedules are not highly structured in Taiwan. There may be an agenda, but it serves as a guideline for the discussion and may act as a springboard to other related business ideas. As relationships are valued, there may be some time in the meeting devoted to non-business discussions. Time is not considered more important than completing a meeting satisfactorily, therefore, meetings will continue until the discussion is completed and may extend well past a scheduled end time (YVONNE .S, JEANNE H. Y STEVEN CHIH-CHIEN L, 2008). For formal meetings it is best wear a suit and tie, after relationships are made strong, it is appropriate to dress according to the occasions and season (Taiwan economy brief 2008). Asians and Taiwanese in particular, have high regard for those older than themselves. Between 9.30 am and 11.30am, and between 2.30pm and 4.30pm are the best times to seek appointments. However eating is a serious business in Taiwan, offers of lunch and dinner are accepted a nd when suitable, reciprocated. When dinning out it is common for Taiwanese to rise from the dining table promptly at the end of the meal (Taiwan economy brief 2008). Business practices: Men should wait for a woman to extend her hand. If you are in a group, try to assemble in rank order, with the most senior person first. Greet or introduce the most important person first. A handshake is the common greeting. Handshakes are not as firm as in many other countries. Many Taiwanese lower their eyes during the greeting as a sign of respect. People are usually addressed by their title and surname (Yvonne et al., 2008) 3.2 Effective Cross-Culture Communications: Globalisation makes every country interdependent with each other. As more companies join the globalisation role, diversity in the corporate world will become renowned. This diversity is the inclusion of all groups at all level regardless of locations, competition, background and position. Besides, there is some pattern in cross-cultural communication that has to be considered to achieve successfully (Cross Cultural Communication n.d). One of the significant changes this has triggered is the required to communicate effectively with different people in different languages and from different cultures. It is now recognised that linguistic and cultural knowledge are both, most essential areas of knowledge that organizations must come to obtain if they are to join together, progress and succeed in the marketplace. Cross cultural communication is a must (Cross Cultural Communication n.d). 3.2.1 Computer mediated channels In this Globalization age, computer mediated communication channels are the most important elements to conduct the business in cross-cultural environment (Anderson et al. 1995). This section explains how the intercultural communication, mediated by cultural artefacts such as internet communication tools, E-mail, Videoconferencing, staff meetings. Nowadays computer-mediated communication is playing the key role in everyones life, it is the most effective way to communicate with the people no matter how far away they are. People using communication technologies to develop new contacts, save existing relationships, and maintain relationships with others. Most popular means of communications are videoconferencing, teleconferencing, and email, internet. Knowing the relationship of ideas between the technologies and the cultural differences is vital for two reasons. One is with the worldwide rapidly increased use of technology and interactions between different people are more often mediated through individual extensions. Rapidly, personal use communication technologies to, find, learn about and communicate with each other. Secondly the communication between people, especially between the cross culture people are developed and maintained through these technologies. So selecting the proper technology for communicating with personals across a cross culture requires an understanding of how people use these technologies in their culture. ( Arun V, Hao C,2008) 3.2.1. a Digital telecommunication channel: Videoconferencing. Video conferencing is tool in communication channels which enables people to meet and work together through the sight and sound medium no matter where there are located throughout the world. Video conferencing allows two or more location to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously. Participants should join meeting at least 10 minutes before the start. Make sure all the equipment is working properly if not consult the technician. Video conference goes out of control unless someone take the job of traffic cop. Dressing up appropriately is important avoid very bright colours. Do not zoom cameras extremely close up on the participant. It is imposing. Be loud and clear always if audio is not clear on the other side try adjusting settings and avoid screaming. Avoid double talk wait for other side to finish before replying. Look straight imagine that you are making eye contact with the person other side. Do not move adjust your settings to ensure you are visible to the person on the other side. Make spot where the camera can view you best. Do not mute microphone when starting the connection, mute the microphone after the connection is established if you want. Make sure the presentation slides should be in the large format. Mute the microphone because even murmur can be heard out loud. 3.2.1. b Digital telecommunication channel: email. E-mail is used to maintain the relationships with people, and it used to expand and strengthen people, and it can be used to notify issues to the group to resolve problems more effectively, it can be also used to communicate with different people though there are not at their desks, used to communicate with different people irrespective of location. (Laurie M, 2007) The use of e-mail is one of the primary features of the internet and is still the most popular function. In this all the parties need not be considerate all the time as in face-to-face situation but can still participate fully in the conversation via e-mail without losing track of the argument (Anderson et al. 1995). They can read messages and respond to proposals in their own time, as their own tempo. But as the Taiwanese and Japanese have a non-verbal communications and high context culture and use indirect language to correspond, they prefer to communicate by telephone or personally rather than by impersonal means such as E-mail. However the Australians have low context culture, so they tend to use overt, plainly and explicit coded messages to make everything else, and convey plain and literal meaning. Therefore E-mail will be a superior way of communication for Australians (Anderson et al. 1995). 3.2.1. c Digital telecommunication channel: Teleconferencing Teleconferencing systems are ideally for meetings, new program introductions, seminars and all forms of personnel and management training. In effect, teleconferencing is the most powerful communications technology developed to date; it is the most effective way of communication which saves time and money. (Laurie M, 2007) 3.2.1. d Digital telecommunication channel: 3.2.1. e Digital telecommunication channel: 3.3 Effective written communications: Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium by means of a series of characters or symbols. Writing is an extension of human language in time and space. Write probably began as a result of political expansion into the old cultures, which reliable resources needed for the transmission of information, maintaining financial accounts, historical records, and similar activities. Around the 4th millennium v. Chr. the complexity of the trade and the Administration outgrew the power of memory and writing was a more reliable method of recording and transactions in a final form to present 3.4 Effective verbal communications: The basis of communication is the interaction between people.   Verbal communication is one way for people to communicate face-to-face.   Some of the key components of verbal communication are sound, words, speaking, and language.   Aside from written communications, Australian Universities staffs are supporting the communication through conferences, negotiations and videoconferencing. Asian culture value silence when talking and are patient and understanding. The formality of Asians, while speaking in English is high and will avoid slang, jargon and also avoid confrontations as much as possible. Asians often prefer to speak what is implicitly rather than explicitly, in order to prevent conflicts, and to a more ambiguous interpretation of meaning open .In Discussions, Asians like harmony and piece. Most of the time non-native English speakers prefer to know what one is saying as face is important to them. They use words that are common and understandable as they mostly prefer facial expressions are important to them. Avoid of casual, and they appreciated politeness and formal way of communication. Asian values personal relationships; they prefer actual meeting rather than phone conversations or video conferences. In conducting a video conference where they mind gesture, eye contacts, body movements, and facial expressions as these are given more attention by the As ians rather than the messages. Therefore, opinions are often better proposed discretion; instead of directly expressed (Seltman 1991).This is reinforced by the fact that the Asians instructors are generally a direct translation methodology. If resources permit install translation software, which is termed to be particularly helpful. In negotiations, an agreement may need to be amended from time to time. So, remember that the deal is not final even if the signature has been affixed. People in general are not hard to talk, touching, unless forced by overcrowding or other disturbance in places that are traditionally considered to be public. People keep to themselves and between strangers In contrast, Australian English speakers value clear and concise conversations and they speak words carefully, they understand and prefer written formats rather than the verbal massage, on the other hand, their way of communication is more direct and constant .Silence is regarded as confusion in the case of Australians. In negotiations a deal is finalized and binding up on the signing for approval only. high and low contexts culture High context refers to groups or societies where people have close relationship over a long period of time. Several aspects of cultural behaviour are not made explicit because the majority members know what to do and what to think from years of interaction with each other. Hall (1976) states that most Asian countries include Japan and Taiwan are classified as high Context cultures. Low context refers to groups where people tend to have many connections but of shorter period or for some specific reason. In these groups, cultural behaviour and beliefs might need to be spelled out explicitly so that those coming into the cultural environment know how to behave. Australians are classified as low context cultures (Hall 1976). Conclusion: This report concludes with the reflections of cross cultural business communications of different places like Australia, Tokyo and Taipei. The results of this studies about the awareness and understanding of the cross cultural and communicational characteristics of the country and are termed to be crucial for the successful business interactions between members of different countries. More precisely, too effectively and ethical business in countries like Australia, Japan and Taiwan requires an understanding and acceptance of collectivism, saving face particularise and the maintenance of the harmony. With the advent of globalisation means of doing business have changed dramatically. Most organizations open at store to working with different people across the globe. For this reason it is essential to understand how cultural adversity effects and how business is being conducted in various countries Asians and Australian culture vary greatly in terms of their believes, life style and business practices, Asians have high context culture which gives much importance to inter personal relationship ,whilst Australians belong to low context culture where individualism is highly regarded , in order for these two countries to collaborate in business venture. It is important to understand these differences. Communication strategies are affected by cultural differences in a number of ways. For this reason, respect on each others culture should be regarded to avoid any conflicts that arise. In nut shell cultural differences should not be a hindrance to a successful business venture .Rather, understanding an embracing these differences will help improve the relationships of countries across the globe. 6.0 Recommendations:

Frank Sinatra Essay -- essays research papers

Frank Sinatra As we inch towards the year 2000, we look back to the pre-dominant individuals of the 20th century. Time magazine voted Frank Sinatra as the world’s most influential vocalist of the 20th century. Frank Sinatra not only excelled but transcended music and became a true personality of our time. Whether you’re talking about recorded music, live performances, movies or simply living large, Frank Sinatra has done that all. He has become an international figure, having the reputation as a celebrity, icon, bad boy and the greatest singer of American popular songs. He is known as being America’s first teen idol and also as a true American Legend. You may all know the name "Frank Sinatra" but you may all not know why Frank Sinatra is a cultural icon. After reading the book "Sinatra:Behind the Legend" by Randy Tarabelli, I learned a lot about this American legend. Francis Albert Sinatra was born on Dec.12th,1915 in Hoboken, New Jersey. His parents were Italian immigrants and he grew up poor in the streets of Hoboken. Those tough early years made him all the more determined to work hard and make something of his life. He was a very ambitious person. Since he was a little boy he loved to sing. In his teen years he attended a Bing Crosby concert and that is when he decided that he too would become a singer. At the age of 19 the first break of his musical career came on when he sang with a band called the Hoboken Four. After ... Frank Sinatra Essay -- essays research papers Frank Sinatra As we inch towards the year 2000, we look back to the pre-dominant individuals of the 20th century. Time magazine voted Frank Sinatra as the world’s most influential vocalist of the 20th century. Frank Sinatra not only excelled but transcended music and became a true personality of our time. Whether you’re talking about recorded music, live performances, movies or simply living large, Frank Sinatra has done that all. He has become an international figure, having the reputation as a celebrity, icon, bad boy and the greatest singer of American popular songs. He is known as being America’s first teen idol and also as a true American Legend. You may all know the name "Frank Sinatra" but you may all not know why Frank Sinatra is a cultural icon. After reading the book "Sinatra:Behind the Legend" by Randy Tarabelli, I learned a lot about this American legend. Francis Albert Sinatra was born on Dec.12th,1915 in Hoboken, New Jersey. His parents were Italian immigrants and he grew up poor in the streets of Hoboken. Those tough early years made him all the more determined to work hard and make something of his life. He was a very ambitious person. Since he was a little boy he loved to sing. In his teen years he attended a Bing Crosby concert and that is when he decided that he too would become a singer. At the age of 19 the first break of his musical career came on when he sang with a band called the Hoboken Four. After ...

Culture and Gentrification Essay

Gentrification is a sensitive issue that brings different impacts to the people in a community. It is also taking over several neighborhoods in Queens and Brooklyn. These neighborhoods have undergone through gentrification for quite a long time to bring new people in. Others think this was good idea for the economic development while the residents feared that this could cause expensive housing, social out- casting, and loss of cultural value. Although change seems to be constant in this orld, but the changes that gentrification is bringing are not the changes that the people are looking forward to see. One of the negative impacts of gentrification is the expensive housing. â€Å"Since 2000, average market rents have doubled in Greenpoint-Williamsburg, and rent stabilized tenants face increasing pressure from landlords looking to flip their apartments to the affluent young people now flooding the neighborhood† (Paul 188). Every neighborhood that is undergoing through gentrification has these landlords who are ffering higher rentals in order to drive out these longtime residents and gain more profit from the developers and new people. These residents were left with no choice but to move out. These circumstances made them feel that gentrification is implying that they aren’t well of enough for their own neighborhood. When longtime residents are driven out from their apartments they felt the rise of social out-casting. â€Å"Since 2000, average rents have doubled in Williamsburg- Greenpoint and almost 40 percent of the Latino population has left the neighborhood ikely because of the housing costs (Paul 194). Due to the expensive rentals the residents were being displaced and some of them don’t even know where to go. Others are becoming homeless while the others are moving to more harmful places. Gentrification is putting a huge gap between low-income residents and the upper class people. As the upper class gets richer and richer, the low-income people stay the same. Gentrification is also making the community loss its cultural value. In Queens, Long Island City is the artistic community. The landmark, 5 Pointz, was known as a anctuary of graffiti where artists from different parts of the globe were able to freely express themselves at the same time the viewers were able to appreciate them. â€Å"The building is expected to be replaced by two residential towers- one 41 stories and the other 47 stories tall (Murray, Owner of 5 Pointz: ‘l whitewashed the building to stop the torture)†. It was wiped out in order to make room for luxury condos; the people were saddened by the lost of a significant symbol of graffiti.

Admonitions and Premonitions

Admonitions and Premonitions Admonitions and Premonitions Admonitions and Premonitions By Mark Nichol Admonition and premonition are two members of a small word family based on a root pertaining to scolding or warning. The family is introduced below. The Latin verb monere, meaning â€Å"advise,† â€Å"express disapproval,† or â€Å"warn,† is the root of admonition and premonition. Admonition and its sister noun admonishment are distinguished by the senses â€Å"warning about behavior† and â€Å"criticism of behavior,† respectively; the verb form, admonish, applies to both senses. A premonition, meanwhile, is a feeling of forewarning not based on conscious thought; unlike admonition, the noun does not take other forms. Monition itself, meanwhile, is a rare noun meaning â€Å"caution† or â€Å"warning.† Summon is also descended from monere, originally in the form of the Latin verb summonere, which means â€Å"warn secretly† (the first syllable is a variant of sub-); the English verb means â€Å"send for,† with the connotation of an imperative; to summon up is to call forth or evoke, as in the notion of summoning up courage or another emotion. Something that can be summoned is summonable, and one who summons is a summoner. Summons is a noun meaning â€Å"an act of summoning,† usually in the form of an order to appear in court; the plural is summonses. Other words based on monere include monitor, which originally referred to one who admonishes, checks, or reminds and came to mean â€Å"guide,† â€Å"instructor,† and â€Å"overseer.† This word has several other distinct senses: First, the monitor lizards, a genus that includes the Komodo dragon, were supposedly named for a habit some species have of standing on two legs or acting otherwise to check on or warn about the presence of predators. Second, a Civil War–era warship armored with iron was dubbed the Monitor with the notion that it would admonish its foes; the name was applied to similar and not-so-similar vessels for the next hundred years. Finally, the use of the word to describe equipment for checking the quality of electronic transmissions led to its employment in reference to display screens for televisions, computers, and other devices. Then there’s monument, from the sense of monere pertaining to reminding: A monument is a written document, record, or tribute; a structure honoring a person or event or something pertaining to a notable person or thing; or a boundary marker. A national monument is one of a class of places set aside by a country for its historic, scenic, or scientific significance. Because of the associations of structural monuments with grandeur, something great or outstanding is said to be monumental; monumentally is the adverbial form. Finally, monster derives from a sense of â€Å"something that warns†: The word describes an abnormal, strange, or terrifying living thing; something cruel, threatening, or ugly; or something especially large or successful. Monster is employed as an adjective as well in the last sense, while monstrous applies for the other meanings and monstrously serves as an adverb. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Incorrect Pronunciations That You Should AvoidWhen to Form a Plural with an Apostrophe"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?

Maths Coursework

Maths Coursework Maths Coursework Maths coursework writing is hated by all students. Of course, it is a hasty generalization to say that absolutely all students hate Maths coursework writing because there are some maths geniuses who love calculations. I am not one of them. However, throughout years of my education I had to write several Math coursework. Was it easy? No, it was not. It was not enough to write something down (I was good at writing) because writing had to be based on specific maths calculations (I was bad at calculations). Thus, I had a dilemma what to do. I will not share the secret of my solution at this point. The following three paragraphs are the short sample maths coursework written about the theory of gravitation. As you noticed, there are no calculations involved. A rare case for a math coursework! By the way, site has a free blog with thousands of free essays and papers on any topic! Maths Coursework Sample The introduction of the law of gravitation resolved all these difficulties and incorporated the theory of heavenly motions into the very same physical theory which treated terrestrial motions. As a result, the heliocentric theory acquired incontestable strength. It was now proved beyond any doubt that the other planets were not different from the planet earth and that the substance of the other planets could be identified with the rock and clay beneath man's feet, for this is the very essence of the law of gravitation. Earthly and heavenly motions were bound together in one theory, and one could no longer doubt the heliocentric view without doubting the entire structure. Hence the importance which Copernicus and Kepler ascribed to the mathematical element in the theory was vindicated. However, the most surprising development of the theory of gravitation and one which established a new and unanticipated role for mathematics took place after Newton had deduced a number of conclusions about our solar system. Galileo and Newton had set about finding quantitative laws that related matter, space, time, forces, and other physical properties, but had wisely decided not to look into causal relationships; that is, they had deliberately avoided such questions as why bodies fall to earth or why planets move around the sun. In other words, they had concentrated on description. Nevertheless, they did utilize the force of gravitation, a concept which had been vaguely suggested even before Galileo's timefor example, by Copernicus and Kepler. Since the force of gravitation now assumed central importance, it was natural to ask, What is the mechanism that enables the earth to attract objects and the sun to attract planets? The heightened emphasis on this universal force could not bu t push such questions to the fore. The properties ascribed to the force of gravitation were indeed remarkable. It acted over distances of inches and millions of miles. It acted instantaneously and through empty space. Nor could the action of the force be suspended or blocked. Even when the moon was between the earth and the sun, the sun continued to attract the earth. Kepler had considered this question of how the sun could exert its attractive force over so many millions of miles. Impressed by the phenomenon of magnetism which William Gilbert had made popular through a series of famous experiments, he tried to explain gravitational attraction as the action of a magnetic force. He thought that planets were huge magnets attracted by a magnetic force in the sun. But he failed to supply a quantitative expression for this force and to show that it accounted exactly for the paths of the planets If you need experienced coursework writing help just follow this link: Custom Writing Service Now it is time to share the secret of successful Maths coursework writing - ask for individual help! If you are good at writing - ask for help with calculations! If you are good at calculations - ask for help with writing!Maths coursework completion has never been easier! Our team of writers is working 24/7 to help you with your painful assignments. We are not afraid of urgent deadlines as well! Read also: Essay Company Editorial Essay High Persuasive School Edit Essay Good Make Paper Write My Essay for Me Need a Professional Essay